STRUCTURE TO FOLLOW WHEN UPDATING THE INFORMATION FOR
SOURCES AND METHODS:
|
Source : |
- Indicate where the data comes from, i.e. the name of the agency or the complete citation of the publication. - Refer to the full title of the original survey collection, administrative source, database or publication. - Add URL for web site where more information can be found. |
|
Coverage |
Indicate the data coverage if it is less than complete (geographical, population, institutions, etc). |
|
Periodicity |
Indicate the frequency of observations if data is not collected every year. |
|
Deviation from the definition |
Indicate if the data supplied does not match the OECD definition. |
|
Deviation from calculation method |
- Describe the calculation method if it differs from the method proposed by the OECD Secretariat. - Explain if data is an estimation, interpolation or any other relevant information. |
|
Break in time series |
Indicate if there is a break in the time series (due to changing definition, source or calculation method). |
Please follow this
structure for every entry concerning your country, so as to reorganise
the information already provided. Note that you do not need to add the titles
of fields in your text, but just need to follow the order of the fields.
Life expectancy at birth and at various ages (40, 60,
65, 80)
Life expectancy at birth and ages 40, 60, 65 and 80 is the average number of
years that a person at that age can be expected to live, assuming that
age-specific mortality levels remain constant.
Sources and Methods
For
the 22 European countries, the Eurostat NewCronos database is the
main data source for 1985 onwards (accessed in May 2007).
Note: Life expectancy at birth
for the total population is estimated by the OECD Secretariat for all
countries, using the unweighted average of life expectancy of men and women.
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Demographic Yearbook. www.ksh.hu.
Neonatal mortality
The number of deaths of children under 28 days of age in a given year,
expressed per 1,000 live births.
Note: Some of the international variation in infant and neonatal mortality
rates may be due to variations among countries in registering practices of
premature infants (whether they are reported as live births or not). In several
countries, such as in the
Sources and Methods
For the 22 European countries, the main data source is the Eurostat NewCronos
database (accessed in May 2007).
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Demographic Yearbook. www.ksh.hu.
Perinatal mortality
The ratio of deaths of children within one week of birth (early neonatal
deaths) plus foetal deaths of minimum gestation period 28 weeks or minimum foetal
weight of 1000g, expressed per 1,000 births.
Note that some variations exist in the
definitions for some countries, particularly with regard to foetal deaths, and
as such, care should be exercised when making comparisons between countries.
Sources and Methods
For
the 22 European countries, the main data source is the Eurostat NewCronos
database (accessed in May 2007).
National Statistical Office, (KSH), Demographic Yearbook. www.ksh.hu.
* The
definition of perinatal deaths is regulated by a ministerial order (34. /1999),
according to which a late foetal death is a foetal death of 24 weeks or older
(not 28 weeks), or if the age of foetus cannot be determined, a weight of at
least
Maternal mortality
Number of maternal deaths, all causes, per 100 000 live births (ICD-10 codes
O00-O99).
Note: the maternal mortality series records very small numbers so there may be
large annual fluctuations, particularly in countries with low population
levels.
Sources and Methods
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Demographic Yearbook. www.ksh.hu.
Perceived health status
Health
≥ good, female, 15-24
Health ≥ good, female, 25-44
Health ≥ good, female, 45-64
Health ≥ good, female, 65+
Health ≥ good, female, all ages
Health ≥ good, male, 15-24
Health ≥ good, male, 25-44
Health ≥ good, male, 45-64
Health ≥ good, male, 65+
Health ≥ good, male, all ages
Health ≥ good, total, 15-24
Health ≥ good, total, 25-44
Health ≥ good, total, 45-64
Health ≥ good, total, 65+
Health ≥ good, total, all ages
Perceived health status
Percentage of the population, aged 15 years old or more who report their
health to be 'good' or 'better'.
There is not yet a full standardization in the measurement of perceived health
status across OECD countries. A standard health interview survey instrument has
been recommended to measure this variable.
The recommendation is described in detail in the publication: "Health
Interview Surveys: Towards International Harmonization of Methods and
Instruments," WHO Regional Office for
How is your health in general?
* Very good
* Good
* Fair
* Bad
* Very bad
Not all countries have adopted this standardized instrument. Differences in the
questions and response categories used in national health surveys from this
standardized instrument are listed in the Sources & Methods below.
Sources and
*
Questionnaire survey based on representative samples, started in 2000, repeated
in about every 3 years. The survey is conducted for the population aged 18 years
and over (not 15).
Low birthweight
Number of live births weighing less than
Sources and Methods
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Demographic Yearbook. www.ksh.hu.
Decayed, missing, filled teeth at age 12
Average number of teeth missing, filled or decayed in children at age 12.
Sources and Methods
Prevention Service for Child Dental Care of
* The survey is based on a representative sample of approximately 900 persons.
Data collection started in 1985 and takes place every 5 years.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Number of AIDS cases and incidence rates per million populations at year of
diagnosis.
Please note that data are provisional due to reporting delays which sometimes
can be for several years depending on the country.
Sources and Methods
For
all European countries, data up to 2005 is taken from the European Centre for
the Epidemiological Monitoring of AIDS, WHO-EC Collaborating Centre
on AIDS (www.eurohiv.org). Any provisional
data for 2006 is provided by the countries
themselves.
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Yearbook of Health Statistics. www.ksh.hu.
*
Johan Béla National Center of Epidemiology (OEK), www.oek.hu.
*
Reported infectious diseases, repeated in every year.
Incidence of pertussis, Incidence of measles, Incidence of hepatitis B 
Rate of reported cases per 100 000 population.
Sources and Methods
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Yearbook Of Health Statistics. www.ksh.hu.
* Johan Béla National Center of Epidemiology (OEK), www.oek.hu.
* Reported infectious diseases, repeated in every year. The number of
reported cases contain the number of imported cases from abroad.
Injuries in road traffic accidents
Number of people injured in road traffic accidents per million population.
Sources and Methods
UNITED
NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE, Statistics of Road
Traffic Accidents in Europe and North America (several issues), has
been used as a source for most OECD countries (Australia, Austria, Belgium,
Canada, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Sweden and
Turkey have supplied data directly).
The
following definitions are used in this report:
Road traffic accident:
An
accident which occurred or originated on a way or street open to public
traffic; resulted in one or more persons being killed or injured, and at least
one moving vehicle was involved. These accidents therefore include collisions
between vehicles, between vehicles and pedestrians and between vehicles and
animals or fixed obstacles. Single vehicle accidents in which one
vehicle alone (and no other road user) was involved are included. Multi-vehicle
collisions are counted only as one accident provided that the
successive collisions happened at very short intervals
Injured:
Any
person who was not killed but sustained one or more serious or slight injuries
as a result of the accident.
Serious injuries:
Fractures,
concussions, internal lesions, crushing, severe cuts and laceration, severe
general shock requiring medical treatment and any other serious lesions
entailing detention in hospital.
Slight injuries:
Secondary
injuries such as sprains or bruises. Persons complaining of shock, but who have
not sustained other injuries, should not be considered in the statistics as
having been injured unless they show very clear symptoms of shock and have
received medical treatment or appeared to require medical attention.
Please note that some countries include people
killed in road traffic accidents. Differences in definition are noted in the
country-specific notes below.
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Statistical Yearbook. www.ksh.hu.
* From 1990, data include all persons injured in road accidents, regardless
whether they are victims of slight, serious, or fatal injuries.
* Before 1990, data include only slight and serious injuries, excluding fatal
injuries.
Self-reported absence from work due to illness
The number of self-reported work days lost per year due to illness per
employed person. It excludes maternity leave.
Sources and Methods
Labour
force, general social or health surveys.
* Data is not available.
Compensated absence from work due to illness
The number of compensated work days lost per year due to illness per
employed person. It excludes maternity leave.
Sources and Methods
Administrative
sources responsible for compensating absence from work due to illness (e.g.,
social security, public or private insurance agencies).
Please note that differences in the
coverage of the working population and in reporting systems limit the
comparability of data across countries.
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Statistical Yearbook. www.ksh.hu.
*
According to the 1992 Act on Labour Code an employee is eligible for 15
workdays (between 1992 and 1995 for 10 workdays) of sick leave due to illness,
the expenses of which are assumed by the employer. Sick benefits for the
eligible employee are granted only upon completion of sick leave. Sick benefits
provide supplementary wages for the days of the incapacity period.
Medical graduates
Number of students who have graduated in medicine from medical faculties or
similar institutions, i.e., who have completed basic medical education in a
given year.
Exclusion:
- Graduates in pharmacy, dentistry/stomatology, public health and epidemiology
- Individuals who have completed post-graduate studies in medicine.
[Note: In the European Union, a Directive has defined basic medical
training as comprising a total of at least six years of study or 5,500 hours of
theoretical and practical training provided by, or under the supervision of, a
university (article 24, Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of
the Council].
Sources and Methods
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Statistical Yearbook. www.ksh.hu.
* From
1990 onward, the data are derived from the “Report on the number of
physicians, dentists, pharmacists and specialized clinical psychologists with
granted diploma” collection.
* Data on pharmacists and dentists are not included.
Nursing graduates
Number of students who obtained a recognised
qualification in nursing in a given year.
Inclusion:
- Graduates from an education programme required to become a registered or
licensed nurse (normally comprising at least 2 years of post-secondary
education in nursing)
- Graduates from a midwifery programme
Exclusion:
- Graduates from other fields of studies which do not provide a recognised
foundation for the practice of nursing
- Graduates with Masters and PhD degrees in nursing.
Sources and Methods
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Statistical Yearbook. www.ksh.hu.
* From
1990, data is provided for graduates in secondary vocational school and
professional nursing education, in addition to college level graduates in health
care.
* Data on the professions of optometrists, dental technicians, pharmacy
assistants, orthopaedic mechanics, medicinal gymnastics, medicinal massage,
infant and child attendants are not included.
Total health employment
Number of persons (head counts) and number of full-time equivalent (FTE)
persons, employed (including self-employed) in health services, including
'contracted out' staff and excluding pharmaceutical and medical equipment
manufacturing employees. Administrative staff, private for-profit and
non-profit medical benefit insurers are included. Health professionals working
outside health services are excluded (e.g. physicians employed in industry).
Full-time equivalent conversions vary across countries but are taken, unless
otherwise noted, to be weighted on the basis of the standard or normal working
time.
Note: the following classes of the International
Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) are
involved.
|
ISIC Class |
Description |
|
8511 |
Hospital activities |
|
8512 |
Medical and dental practice activities |
|
8519 |
Other human health activities |
|
5231* |
Retail sale of pharmaceutical and medical goods, cosmetic and toilet articles |
|
5239* |
Other retail sales not elsewhere classified |
|
7512* |
Regulation of the activities of agencies that provide health care education, cultural services and other social services excluding social security |
|
7530* |
Compulsory social security activities |
|
6603* |
Non-life insurance |
* Only
employees in health activities that fall under these classes should be
included.
Note: Most countries report to a somewhat narrower concept corresponding
to ISIC class 851 "Human health activities."
Sources and Methods
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Yearbook Of Health Statistics. www.ksh.hu.
* FTE.
* Physicians, pharmacists and paramedical personnel. Excluding health personnel
working in private specialists' services of unique specialty.
* From 2000 the number of posts in health services. Included are all
physicians, pharmacists, health professionals, economic, technical, management
and ancillary employees working in outpatient, inpatient, dental and primary
care services, as well as in the services of public health, ambulance, blood
supply and in the fields of university and college education and public
administration, expressed as a number of full-time equivalent persons.
Total hospital employment
Number of persons employed (head counts), and number of full-time equivalent
(FTE) persons employed in general and specialty hospitals. Self-employed are
included.
Sources and Methods
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Yearbook of Health Statistics. www.ksh.hu.
* FTE.
* Including physicians, nurses and other health personnel, and hospital
pharmacists.
* From 2000 the number of posts in inpatient services. Included are all
physicians, pharmacists, health professionals, economic, technical management
and ancillary employees working in acute and chronic care, rehabilitation,
after care, expressed as a number of full-time equivalent persons.
Registered physicians
Physicians registered to practice include both practising
and non-practising physicians.
Inclusion:
- Physicians who provide services directly to patients (practising physicians)
- Physicians for whom their medical education is a prerequisite for the
execution of the job
- Physicians for whom their medical education is NOT a prerequisite for the
execution of the job
- Physicians registered as health care professionals and licensed to practice
but who are not economically active in the country (e.g. unemployed or on
retirement)
- Physicians working abroad.
Sources and Methods
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Yearbook Of Health Statistics (from 1990 to 2004). www.ksh.hu.
Office of Health Authorisation and Administrative Procedures (EEKH), “Basic Registry of
Physicians” (from 2005). www.eekh.hu
The Office of
Health Authorisation and Administrative Procedures (EEKH) records registered
doctors in the “Basic Registry of Physicians”, including practicing,
retired, unemployed, employed abroad and registered foreign doctors. In the
“Licensing Registry of Physicians” it records doctors with license
to practice, including Hungarian and foreign physicians working in the country,
not including retired, unemployed and employed abroad physicians.
*There have
been cleaning of data in both registries in 2000 and 2005, which causes break
in the time series data.
*The number of
“Registered physicians” does not include registered dentists.
Practising physicians, female practising physicians, practising general
practitioners, practising specialists, including selected medical specialties:
Pediatricians, Gynaecologists and obstetricians, Anaesthetists, Surgeons and
Psychiatrists/Neuropsychiatrists
Practising physicians (doctors)
Practising physicians provide services directly to
patients.
Inclusion:
- Persons who have completed studies in medicine at university level (granted
by adequate diploma) and who are licensed to practice
- Interns and resident physicians (with adequate diploma and providing services
under supervision of other medical doctors during their postgraduate internship
in a health care facility)
- Salaried and self-employed physicians delivering services irrespectively of
the place of service provision
- Foreign physicians licensed to practice and actively practising in the
country
Exclusion:
- Students who have not yet graduated
- Dentists and stomatologists / dental surgeons
- Physicians working in administration, research and in other posts that
exclude direct contact with the patients
- Unemployed physicians and retired physicians
- Physicians working abroad.
|
Country |
Head count or FTE |
Also includes non-practising physicians (a) |
Includes retired professionals |
Includes professionals who are foreigners |
Includes professionals who are working abroad |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1997-2001: FTE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
a) Without medical practice means the person may work in research and
development (R&D) activities, administrative functions, or be unemployed.
Practising General Practitioners
A general practitioner (GP) is a physician (medical
doctor) who does not limit his/her practice to certain disease categories and
assumes the responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive
care or referring to another health care professional. In some countries, GP is
treated as a specialisation.
Inclusion:
- General practitioners working in the ambulatory sector or in hospitals (or
other institutional settings)
- Interns and residents who are training to become GPs.
Practising Specialists
A medical specialist is a physician who diagnoses and
treats physical and mental diseases and disorders using specialist testing, diagnostic,
medical and surgical techniques. He may limit his/her practice to certain
disease categories or methods of treatment.
Inclusion:
- Interns and residents who are training to become a medical specialist
- Psychiatrists (including neuropsychiatrists and child psychiatrists)
Exclusion:
- General practitioners (GPs)
- Dentists and stomatologists/dental surgeons
- Psychologists.
Sources and Methods
Central Statistical
Office (KSH),
Yearbook Of Health Statistics (from 1990 to 2004). www.ksh.hu
Office of Health Authorisation and Administrative Procedures (EEKH), “Licensing
Registry of Physicians” (from 2005). www.eekh.hu
*
The grouping of physicians-specialists is made from the National Register of
Physicians on the basis of last acquired specialisation. The register does not
include information on the professional qualifications that residents and
physicians without specialisation wish to acquire in the future, thus we cannot
count residents and physicians without specialisation in the group of
specialists.
* We report the GP group on the basis of the ”Number of GPs” and
”Number of family paediatricians” data collection by the Central
Statistical Office (KSH). GPs and paediatric GPs must take specialist
examination in
Physicians:
* Practising physicians (including residents) reported to the National Register
of Physicians.
* For the years up to 1979 dentists are included under physicians; from 1980 dentists
are not included in the physician series.
* Data from 1987 to 1989 have been estimated as the Statistical Yearbooks were
not published over those years.
* From 1990: Including specialists, GPs, family paediatricians, residents,
non-specialized physicians. The report is made according to the 1990 account of
the Central Statistical Office ”Number of active physicians by sex and
specialisation”. From 2000 the registry of physicians is prepared by the
Hungarian Medical Association (MOK). The 2000 and 2001 data are estimates from
the Central Statistical Office.
* In 2005, the Hungarian Medical Association (MOK)
performed data cleaning in the database to identify more precisely practising
physicians, deleting 3000 persons due to retirement or death, and about 1300
persons due to employment abroad or leaving the profession.
Specialists:
* Specialists
reported to the National Register of Physicians. Including specialists, GPs, family paediatricians,
excluding residents, non-specialized physicians.
* From
1990: The report is made according to the 1990 account of the Central
Statistical Office ”Number of active physicians by sex and
specialisation”. In making the account the physicians’ last
specialization is taken into consideration.
* From 2000 the registry of physicians is prepared by the Hungarian Medical
Association (MOK). In the first two years of the transition the Central
Statistical Office could not provide data. In 2005 the Hungarian Medical
Association (MOK) performed data cleaning in the database deleting 3000 persons
due to retirement or death, and about 1300 persons due to employment abroad or
leaving the profession.
General Practitioners:
* Including GPs, family paediatricians, excluding residents, non-specialized
physicians.
* From 1990: The report is made according to the 1990 account of the Central
Statistical Office ” Number of GPs” and ” Number of family
pediatricians”.
Foreign-trained physicians: total number (full registration)
The total number of doctors who received all or most
of their medical education and training in another country and are registered
to practice in the receiving country.
Inclusion: Foreign-trained doctors with a full registration in the
receiving country.
Exclusion: Foreign-trained doctors with a temporary, limited,
provisional or conditional registration.
Sources and Methods
Hungary
* Data not available.
Foreign-trained physicians: annual inflow (all types of registration,
permanent permits, and temporary permits)
The number of doctors who received all or most of
their medical education and training in another country and are receiving a new
authorisation in a given year to practice in the receiving country.
Inclusion:
- If the source is professional registers:
Foreign-trained doctors coming in the country under all types of registration
status (full, temporary, limited, provisional or conditional registration)
- If the source is working permits
delivered to immigrants: Foreign doctors coming in the
country under a permanent or temporary working permit (although data related to
permanent and temporary working permit should be submitted separately if
possible.
Sources and Methods
Office of Health Authorisation and Administrative
Procedures (EEKH).
“Recognition of
medical certificates” (from 2004). www.eekh.hu
*The Office of
Health Authorisation and Administrative Procedures (EEKH) records in the
„Recognition of medical certificates” registry the medical
certificates of foreign-trained physicians naturalized in the given year.
Unfortunately the “Licensing Registry of Physicians” does not any
more include the place where the physician received medical certificate, thus
we are not able to provide data for “Foreign-trained physicians: total
number (full registration)”.
Practising midwives
A midwife is a person who has completed a midwifery
educational programme duly recognized in the country in which he/she is located
and who has acquired the requisite qualifications to be registered and/or
legally licensed to practice midwifery.
Practising midwives provide services directly to
patients.
Inclusion:
- Persons who have completed their studies/education
in midwifery and who are licensed to practice
- Salaried and self-employed midwifes delivering services irrespectively of the
place of service provision
- Foreign midwifes licensed to practice and actively practising in the country
Exclusion:
- Students who have not yet graduated
- Unemployed midwifes and retired midwifes
- Midwifes working abroad.
Sources and Methods
Central
Statistical Office (KSH), Yearbook Of Health Statistics (from 1990). www.ksh.hu
Practising nurses
A nurse is a person who has completed a programme of basic nursing education
and is qualified and authorised in his/her country to practice nursing in all
settings.
Practising nurses provide services directly to patients.
Inclusion:
- Persons who have completed their studies/education in nursing and who are
licensed to practice (including both higher-level nurses, and lower-level
nurses such as associate/practical/vocational nurses)
- Salaried and self-employed nurses delivering services irrespectively of the
place of service provision
- Foreign nurses licensed to practice and actively
practising in the country
Exclusion:
- Students who have not yet graduated
- Nursing aids/assistants and care workers who do not have any recognized qualification/certification
in nursing
- Midwives (however registered nurses working part-time as midwives should be
included)
- Nurses working in administration, research and in other posts that exclude
direct contact with the patients
- Unemployed nurses and retired nurses
- Nurses working abroad.
Note: The comparability of data on nurses is limited for a number of reasons.
The table below provides a summary of some of the main variations in data
coverage across countries.
Sources and Methods
|
Country |
Head count or FTE |
Includes non-practicing nurses also (a) |
Includes retired professionals |
Includes midwives |
Includes self-employed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
a) Non-practising means the person may work in administration, research,
in another field or be unemployed.
1) See country notes.
Sources & Methods
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Yearbook Of Health Statistics. www.ksh.hu.
*
>From 1990: The report is made according to the 1990 account of the Central
Statistical Office ”Number of posts and the staff of ancillary workers by
activity”. Similar to the EUROSTAT definition, included are nurses as
defined by ISCO 88 (code 2230 and code 323) qualified nurses and associate
nurse. Excluded are midwives. Excluded are caring personnel as defined by ISCO
88 (code 5132) dental assistants, x-ray assistants, laboratory assistants,
pharmacist assistants, other assistants. Excluded are physiotherapists.
Qualified nurses
Qualified (or professional) nurses, as defined by ISCO
88 (code 2230), assist medical doctors in their tasks, deal with emergencies in
their absence, and provide professional nursing care for the sick, injured,
physically and mentally disabled, and others in need of such care.
Sources and Methods
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Yearbook Of Health Statistics. www.ksh.hu.
* From 1990: The report is made according to the 1990 account of the
Central Statistical Office ”Number of posts and the staff of ancillary
workers by activity”. Similar to the EUROSTAT definition, included are
nurses as defined by ISCO 88 (code 2230) graduated nurses, specialized nurses,
ambulance nurses, MCH nurses.
Associate nurses
Associate (or associate professional) nurses, as defined
by ISCO 88 (code 3231), provide nursing care for the sick, injured, and others
in need of such care, and, in the absence of medical doctors or professional
nurses, deal with emergencies.
Sources and Methods
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Yearbook Of Health Statistics. www.ksh.hu.
* From 1990: The report is made according to the 1990 account of the
Central Statistical Office ”Number of posts and the staff of ancillary
workers by activity”. Similar to the EUROSTAT definition, included are
nurses as defined by ISCO 88 (code 323) general nurses and assistants, nursing
assistants.
Practising dentists
Dentists as defined by ISCO 88 (code 2222) apply medical knowledge in the
field of dentistry, improve or develop concepts, theories and operational
methods and conduct research. Dentistry is the provision of comprehensive care
regarding teeth and oral cavity, including prevention, diagnosis and treatment
of aberrations and diseases.
Practising dentists provide services directly to patients.
Practising dentists' tasks include: making diagnosis, advising on and giving
necessary dental treatment, giving surgical, medical and other forms of treatment
for particular types of dental and oral diseases and disorders.
Inclusion:
- Persons who have completed studies in dentistry / stomatology at university
level (granted by an adequate diploma) and who are licensed to practice
- Interns (with an adequate diploma and providing services under supervision of
other dentists or dental specialists during their postgraduate internship in a
health care facility)
- Salaried and self-employed dentists delivering services irrespectively of the
place of service provision
- Foreign dentists licensed to practice and actively practising in the country
Exclusion:
- Students who have not yet graduated
- Dentists working in administration, research and in other posts that exclude
direct contact with the patients
- Unemployed dentists and retired dentists
- Dentists working abroad.
Sources and Methods
|
Country |
Head count or FTE |
Includes non-practicing dentists (a) |
Includes retired professionals |
Includes professionals who are foreigners |
Includes professionals who are working abroad |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
a)
Without dental practice means the person may work in research and development
(R&D) activities, administrative functions, or be unemployed.
Central
Statistical Office (KSH), Yearbook Of Health Statistics (from 1990).www.ksh.hu.
* Practising dentists reported to the National Register of Physicians.
* Included: specialized and non-specialized dentists, stomatologists,
odontologists, orthodontologists.
* From 2000 the registry of physicians is prepared by the Hungarian Medical
Association (MOK). In the first two years of the transition the Central
Statistical Office could not provide data.
* In 2005 the Hungarian Medical Association (MOK) performed data cleaning in
the database deleting 3000 persons due to retirement or death, and about 1300
persons due to employment abroad or leaving the profession.
Practising pharmacists
Pharmacists as defined by ISCO 88 (code 2224) apply pharmaceutical concepts
and theories by preparing and dispensing or selling medicaments and drugs.
Practising pharmacists prepare, dispense or sell medicaments and drugs directly
to patients (clients) and provide advice.
Practising pharmacists' tasks include: preparing and directing the preparation
of medicaments according to prescriptions of medical and dental practitioners,
or establish formulae; checking prescriptions to ensure that recommended
dosages are not exceeded, and that instructions are understood by patients (or
persons administering the medicament) and advising on possible drug
incompatibility; dispensing medicaments and drugs in hospitals or selling them
in pharmacies.
Inclusion:
- Persons who have completed studies in pharmacology at university level
(granted by adequate diploma) and who are licensed to practice pharmacology
- Salaried and self-employed pharmacists delivering services irrespectively of
the place of service provision
- Foreign pharmacists licensed to practice pharmacology and actively practising
in the country
Exclusion:
- Students who have not yet graduated
- Pharmacists working in administration, research and in other posts that
exclude direct contact with the patients (clients)
- Unemployed pharmacists and retired pharmacists
- Pharmacists working abroad.
Sources and Methods
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Yearbook Of Health Statistics. www.ksh.hu.
* All pharmacists working in public pharmacies and hospital pharmacies are included.
Remuneration of physicians
Fully-qualified physicians
who are providing services directly to patients. Physicians in training should
normally be excluded.
Note: To the
extent possible, average annual income should refer to physicians working
full-time.
Salaried: Physicians
who are employees and who receive most of their income via a salary.
Self-employed:
Those physicians who are primarily non-salaried. That is, they are either
self-employed, or operate independently, usually receiving (mainly) either
capitation or fee-for-service reimbursement.
For physicians who are both
salaried and operate in a self-employed or independent capacity,
they would fall in the category under which they receive the majority of their
compensation.
Average annual income:
Inclusion:
- the values of any social contributions, (income)
taxes, etc. payable by the employee even if they are actually withheld by the
employer and paid directly to social insurance schemes, tax authorities, etc.
on behalf of the employee
- all gratuities, bonuses, overtime compensation and
"thirteenth month payments"
- any supplementary income (income from private
practices for salaried physicians or salaried work for self-employed
physicians).
Exclusion:
- for salaried physicians, social contributions payable by the employer
- for self-employed physicians, practice expenses.
Sources and Methods
Salaried physicians:
National
Institute for Strategic Health Research (ESKI). www.eski.hu.
* Data cover only public employees.
* Data refer to full-time equivalent.
* Data include payments for working evenings, nights, week-ends, bank holidays
and overtime.
* Data include only salary paid by the employer, and do not include income
derived from private practices.
Remuneration of general practitioners
General Practice:
General practice includes fully-qualified general practitioners (GPs).
Physicians in training should normally be excluded.
Note: To the extent possible, average annual income should refer to
physicians working full-time.
Salaried: Physicians
who are employees and who receive most of their income via a salary.
Self-employed:
Those physicians who are primarily non-salaried. That is, they are either
self-employed, or operate independently, usually receiving (mainly) either
capitation or fee-for-service reimbursement.
For physicians who are both salaried and
operate in a self-employed or independent capacity,
they would fall in the category under which they receive the majority of their
compensation.
Inclusion:
- the values of any social contributions, (income) taxes, etc. payable by the
employee even if they are actually withheld by the employer and paid directly
to social insurance schemes, tax authorities, etc. on behalf of the employee
- all gratuities, bonuses, overtime compensation and "thirteenth month
payments"
- any supplementary income (income from private practices for salaried
physicians or salaried work for self-employed physicians).
Exclusion:
- for salaried physicians, social contributions payable by the employer
- for self-employed physicians, practice expenses.
Sources and Methods
Salaried general practitioners:
National
Institute for Strategic Health Research (ESKI). www.eski.hu.
* Data
cover only public employees. Up to 2004, the data refer to approx. 400 GPs
employed in public service (in 2005, 270 GPs) and 6 300 GPs who are mostly
self-employed are not included (the share of GPs employed in public service is
approximately 10% and the share of self-employed GPs is 90%).
* Data refer to full-time equivalent.
* Data include payments for working evenings, nights, week-ends, bank holidays
and overtime.
* Data include only salary paid by the employer, and do not include income
derived from private practices.
* The official salary of public sector medical doctors is very low compared
with earnings in other sectors of the economy, and informal payments
substantially increase the income of some doctors. These payments, however, are
not included.
Remuneration of specialists
Specialists:
Fully-qualified physicians who have specialised and work primarily in areas
other than general practice. Physicians in training should normally be excluded.
Note: To the extent possible, average annual income should refer to
physicians working full-time.
Salaried: Physicians
who are employees and who receive most of their income via a salary.
Self-employed:
Those physicians who are primarily non-salaried. That is, they are either
self-employed, or operate independently, usually receiving (mainly) either
capitation or fee-for-service reimbursement.
For physicians who are both salaried and
operate in a self-employed or independent capacity,
they would fall in the category under which they receive the majority of their
compensation.
Inclusion:
- the values of any social contributions, (income) taxes, etc. payable by the
employee even if they are actually withheld by the employer and paid directly
to social insurance schemes, tax authorities, etc. on behalf of the employee
- all gratuities, bonuses, overtime compensation and "thirteenth month
payments"
- any supplementary income (income from private practices for salaried
physicians or salaried work for self-employed physicians).
Exclusion:
- for salaried physicians, social contributions payable by the employer
- for self-employed physicians, practice expenses.
Sources and Methods
Salaried specialists:
National
Institute for Strategic Health Research (ESKI). www.eski.hu.
* Data cover only public employees. The share of specialists employed in the
public service is approximately 90%; the share of self-employed specialists is
10%. About 80% of self-employed specialists work full-time and about 20% work
part-time. Those working part-time may work in the public sector as well, but
there is no accurate information available on that.
* Data refer to full-time equivalent.
* Data include payments for working evenings, nights, week-ends, bank holidays
and overtime.
* Data include only salary paid by the employer, and do not include income
derived from private practices.
* The official salary of public sector medical doctors is very low compared
with earnings in other sectors of the economy, and informal payments
substantially increase the income of some doctors. Most clinical specialists
receive informal payments (including gratitude payments) from patients, which
provide some financial incentive for the doctors to stay in the profession.
These payments, however, are not included.
Remuneration of hospital nurses
Salaried hospital nurses:
Certified/registered nurses actively practising in public and private hospitals
and who receive most of their income via a salary, including fully-qualified
nurses (with post-secondary education in nursing) and
associate/practical/vocational nurses (with a lower level of nursing skills but
also usually registered).
The following categories of nurses should normally be excluded:
- Nursing aids/assistants and care workers who do not have any recognized
qualification/certification in nursing
- Nurses in training
- Midwives (however registered nurses working part-time as midwives should be
included)
- Nurse managers.
Note: To the extent possible, average annual income should refer to
physicians working full-time.
Average annual income:
Inclusion:
- the values of any social contributions, (income) taxes, etc. payable by the
employee even if they are actually withheld by the employer and paid directly
to social insurance schemes, tax authorities, etc. on behalf of the employee
- all gratuities, bonuses, overtime compensation and "thirteenth month
payments".
Exclusion:
- social contributions payable by the employer.
This definition is compatible with Eurostat Concepts and Definitions (http://forum.europa.eu.int/irc/dsis/coded/info/data/coded/en/gl006997.htm).
Sources and Methods
Hungary
National Institute for Strategic Health Research (ESKI). www.eski.hu.
* Data cover only public employees. It is estimated that over 99% of nurses
work as hospital nurses in the public service and less than 1% of nurses are
self-employed hospital nurses.
* Data refer to full-time equivalent.
* Data include payments for working evenings, nights, week-ends, bank holidays
and overtime.
* Data refer to salary paid by the employer, and do not include income or
gratuity derived from private practice.
Total hospital beds
Total hospital beds
are all hospital beds which are regularly maintained and staffed and
immediately available for the care of admitted patients.
Inclusion:
- Beds in all hospitals, including general hospitals
(HP.1.1), mental health and substance abuse hospitals (HP.1.2), and other specialty
hospitals (HP.1.3)
- Occupied and unoccupied beds
Exclusion:
- Surgical tables, recovery trolleys, emergency
stretchers, beds for same-day care, cots for healthy infants
- Beds in wards which were closed for any reason
- Provisional and temporary beds
- Beds in nursing and residential care facilities
(HP.2).
Sources and Methods
Gyogyinfok (
* Total hospital beds: Available hospitals beds on December 31.
Acute care beds in hospitals
Curative care (acute care) beds in
hospitals (HP.1)
are hospital beds that are available for curative care (HC.1 in the SHA classification excluding
psychiatry).
Inclusion:
- Beds accommodating patients where the principal clinical intent is to do one
or more of the following: manage labour (obstetric), cure non-mental illness or
provide definitive treatment of injury, perform surgery, relieve symptoms of
non-mental illness or injury (excluding palliative care), reduce severity of
non-mental illness or injury, protect against exacerbation and/or complication
of non-mental illness and/or injury which could threaten life or normal
functions, perform diagnostic or therapeutic procedures
Exclusion:
- Beds allocated for other functions of care (such as psychiatric care,
rehabilitation, long-term care and palliative care)
- Beds in mental health and substance abuse hospitals (HP.1.2)
- Beds for rehabilitation (HC.2)
- Beds for palliative care.
Sources and Methods
Gyogyinfok (
www.gyogyinfok.hu.
*
Available acute care beds on December 31, excluding acute psychiatric care
beds.
* In private sector, there are data available only on beds in hospitals financed
by the National Health Insurance Fund, since these are included in bed stock.
* Break in private beds series: beds of funds and
churches are included since 1994. There are very few private hospitals, the
data cover practically the whole in-patient provider sector.
Psychiatric care beds in hospitals
Psychiatric care beds in hospitals
(HP.1) are
hospital beds accommodating patients with mental health problems (part of HC.1 in the SHA classification).
Inclusion:
- All beds in mental health and substance abuse hospitals (HP.1.2)
- Beds in psychiatric departments of general hospitals (HP.1.1) and of
specialty (other than mental health and substance abuse) hospitals (HP.1.3)
Exclusion:
- Beds allocated to non-mental curative care (part of HC.1)
- Beds allocated to long-term nursing care in hospitals (HC.3)
- Beds for rehabilitation (HC.2)
- Beds for palliative care.
Sources and Methods
Gyogyinfok (
* Psychiatric care beds: Available acute psychiatric care beds on December 31.
Long-term care beds in hospitals
Long-term care beds in hospitals
(HP.1) are
hospital beds accommodating patients requiring long-term care due to chronic impairments
and a reduced degree of independence in activities of daily living.
Inclusion:
- Beds in long-term care departments of general hospitals (HP.1.1)
- Beds for long-term care in specialty (other than mental health and substance
abuse) hospitals (HP.1.3)
- Beds for palliative care
Exclusion:
- Beds in mental health and substance abuse hospitals (HP.1.2)
- Beds for rehabilitation (HC.2).
Sources and Methods
GYÓGYINFOK (
* Available long-term care hospital beds on December 31, including beds for
long-term nursing, after care, chronic pulmonary care.
Other hospital beds
All other beds in hospitals
(HP.1) not
elsewhere classified.
Inclusion:
- Beds for rehabilitation (HC.2).
Sources and Methods
GYÓGYINFOK (
* Other hospital beds on December 31, include rehabilitation, chronic
psychiatric beds.
Acute care hospital staff ratio
The number of staff employed in hospitals, where the primary focus of
activity is on acute care, divided by the number of available beds.
Note: A proxy variable is the number of full-time salaried doctors, nurses and
administrators (including contracted-out staff) divided by the number of
available beds.
Caution should be exercised in making cross country comparisons as some
countries calculate using Full Time Equivalent staff while others use
headcounts.
Sources and Methods
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Yearbook Of Health Statistics. www.ksh.hu.
* The report is made according to the 1990 account of the Central Statistical
Office ”Number of posts by performed task and scope of activity in the
health service”. The number of all physicians, pharmacists, health
professionals, economic, technical, management and ancillary employees working
in acute in-patient care divided by the number of available beds, calculated in
FTE as of 31 December.
Acute care nurses staff ratio
The number of first and second level nurses employed in hospitals, where the
primary focus of activity is on acute care, divided by the number of available
beds.
Sources and Methods
Central
Statistical Office (KSH), Yearbook Of Health Statistics. www.ksh.hu.
* The report is made according to the 1990 account of the Central Statistical
Office ”Number of posts by performed task and scope of activity in the
health service”. The number of all health professionals working in acute
in-patient care divided by the number of available beds, calculated in FTE as
of 31 December. Included are all nurses working in the field of the promotion
of health, prevention of illness, care of the sick and rehabilitation, who
received nursing education for at least 2 years: nurses with college education,
assistants, dieteticians, physical therapists, ambulance nurses and officers,
mother and child health nurses, midwives, assistant nurses, pharmacy
assistants, health educators, masseurs, sterilizers, patient transporters, etc.
Computed tomography scanners
Number of computer tomography scanners (CT units).
CT or CAT scanner is an x-ray machine which combines many x-ray images with the
aid of a computer to generate cross-sectional views and, if needed,
three-dimensional images of the internal organs and structures of the body.
Note: The OECD data collection aims to collect aggregate data on the
availability of these medical equipments in all health care facilities,
including both the hospital sector and the ambulatory sector.
Sources and Methods
Hungary
Hungarian National Institute for Hospital and Medical Engineering.
(ORKI).
* Equipment used in military hospitals (belonging to the Ministry of Defense)
and the health institutes of Hungarian State Railways are not included.
* From 2000, Hungarian National Health
Insurance Fund (OEP), Statistical Yearbook. www.oep.hu.
* Operators in contract with the National Health Insurance Fund, as of 31
December.
Magnetic resonance imaging units
Number of magnetic resonance imaging units (MRI units).
MRI is an imaging technique designed to visualise internal structures of the
body using magnetic and electromagnetic fields which induce a resonance effect
of hydrogen atoms. The electromagnetic emission created by these atoms is
registered and processed by a dedicated computer to produce the images of the
body structures.
Note: The OECD data collection aims to collect aggregate data on the
availability of these medical equipments in all health care facilities,
including both the hospital sector and the ambulatory sector.
Sources and Methods
Hungary
Hungarian National Institute for Hospital and Medical Engineering (ORHI).
* Equipment used in military hospitals (belonging to the Ministry of Defense)
and the health institutes of Hungarian State Railways are not included.
From
2000, Hungarian National Health Insurance Fund (OEP), Statistical
Yearbook. www.oep.hu.
*
Operators contracted by the National Health Insurance Fund, as of 31 December.
Radiation therapy equipment
Number of machines used for treatment with x-rays or radionuclide.
They include: linear accelerators, Cobalt-60 units, Caesium-137 therapy units,
low to orthovoltage x-ray units, high dose and low dose rate brachytherapy
units and conventional brachytherapy units.
Note: The OECD data collection aims to collect aggregate data on the
availability of these medical equipments in all health care facilities,
including both the hospital sector and the ambulatory sector.
Sources and Methods
Hungary
Hungarian National Institute for Hospital and Medical Engineering
(ORKI).
* Radiation therapy equipment doesn’t include brachytherapy units (which
are not registered).
* Equipment used in military hospitals (belonging to the Ministry of Defense)
and the health institutes of Hungarian State Railways are not included.
Lithotriptors
Number of lithotripters (or shock-wave lithotripsy units; LSI units).
A lithotripter is an extracorporeal shock wave machine used to shatter kidney
stones and gallstones.
Note: The OECD data collection aims to collect aggregate data on the
availability of these medical equipments in all health care facilities,
including both the hospital sector and the ambulatory sector.
Sources and Methods
Hungary
Hungarian National Institute for Hospital and Medical Engineering
(ORKI).
* Equipment used in military hospitals (belonging to the Ministry of Defence)
and the health institutes of Hungarian State Railways are not included.
Mammographs
Number of dedicated mammography machines (those designed exclusively for
taking mammograms). The code is: CIM-9 87.37.
Sources and Methods
Hungary
Hungarian National Institute for Hospital and Medical Engineering
(ORKI).
* Equipment used in military hospitals (belonging to the Ministry of Defence)
and the health institutes of Hungarian State Railways are not included.
Immunisation: Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis
Percentage of children at 1 or 2 years of age who have been fully immunised
against Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis (DTP).
Note: The age of complete immunisation differs across countries due to
different immunisation schedules.
Sources and Methods
In
some countries Diphteria and tetanus, and Pertussis vaccines are administered
separately. In a few countries however (
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Yearbook Of Health Statistics. www.ksh.hu.
*
DTP vaccine is given in three doses at age 3, 4, and 5 months. The reported
data refers to the rate of children who received all three shots.
Immunisation: Measles
Percentage of children at 1 or 2 years of age who have been fully immunised
against measles.
Note: The age of complete immunisation differs across countries due to different
immunisation schedules.
Sources and Methods
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Yearbook Of Health Statistics. www.ksh.hu.
Immunisation against Hepatitis B
Percentage of children at 1 or 2 years of age who have been fully immunised
against hepatitis B.
Note: The age of complete immunisation differs across countries due to
different immunisation schedules.
Sources and Methods
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Yearbook Of Health
Statistics. www.ksh.hu.
*From 1999 immunisation
against hepatitis B is compulsory at age 14. Therefore the report includes the percentage
of children immunised at age 14 instead of 1 or 2 years of age
Immunisation against influenza among the elderly population (65+)
The proportion of people aged 65 and over who have been immunised against
influenza (or “flu”) during the last 12 months. The data comes in
most cases from national population-based surveys.
Sources and
*
In
Mammography screening - Breast cancer screening, survey data and
programme data
Mammography rates.
Numerator: Number of
women aged 50-69 reporting having received a bilateral mammography within the
past year.
Denominator: Number of women aged 50-69 answering survey questions on
mammography or eligible for organised screening programme.
Sources and Methods
Summary table:
|
Programme data |
Survey data |
|
Australia |
Canada |
|
Belgium |
Czech Republic |
|
Finland |
France |
|
Hungary |
Italy |
|
Iceland |
Korea |
|
Ireland |
Mexico |
|
Japan |
Poland |
|
Luxembourg |
Switzerland |
|
Netherlands |
United States |
|
New Zealand |
|
|
Norway |
|
|
Portugal |
|
|
Slovak Republic |
|
|
Sweden |
|
|
United Kingdom |
|
Hungarian National Health Insurance Fund (OEP). www.oep.hu.
*
Population: National.
* Age variation: 45-65.
* Programme or survey: programme.
* Recall period/periodicity: 2 years.
* Comments: organised screenings for breast cancer started in January
Cervical cancer screening, survey data and programme data
Cervical cancer screening rate.
Numerator: Number of women age 20-69 reporting cervical cancer screening
within the past 3 years or number of women age 20-69 screened for cervical
cancer through an organised programme.
Denominator: Number of women age 20-69 answering survey question or
participating in an organised screening programme.
Sources and Methods
Summary table:
|
Programme data |
Survey data |
|
Australia |
Canada |
|
Belgium |
Czech Republic |
|
Finland |
Denmark |
|
Germany |
France |
|
Hungary |
Italy |
|
Iceland |
Japan |
|
Ireland |
Korea |
|
Luxembourg |
Poland |
|
Mexico |
United States |
|
Netherlands |
|
|
New Zealand |
|
|
Norway |
|
|
Sweden |
|
|
United Kingdom |
|
Hungarian National Health Insurance Fund (OEP). www.oep.hu.
* Population: National.
* Age variation: 25-65.
* Programme or survey: programme.
* Recall period/periodicity: 3 years.
* Comments: organised screening of cervical cancer started in October
Doctors' consultations
The number of contacts with an ambulatory care physician divided by the
population. Contacts in out-patient wards should be included.
The number of contacts includes:
- visits/ consultations of patients at the physician’s office;
- physician’s visits made to a person in institutional settings such as
liaison visits or discharge planning visits, made in a hospital or nursing home
with the intent of planning for the future delivery of service at home;
- telephone contacts when these are in lieu of a first home or hospital visit
for the purpose of preliminary assessment for care at home;
- visits made to the patient’s home.
Note: The number of physician contacts according to the above definition is
only a crude measure of the volume of services provided, as services are added
regardless of their complexities. Several countries record only general
practitioners, others include specialists.
Sources and Methods
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Yearbook Of Health Statistics. www.ksh.hu.
Hungarian National Health Insurance Fund (OEP), Statistical Yearbook. www.oep.hu.
*
Similar to the HFA definition, physician consultations include contacts of
family practice, outpatient care, CT and MRI. By definition we did not include
the episodes of dental care, and laboratory and pathology examinations. From
1994, the number of family practice contacts are taken from the Yearbook of
Health Statistics by the Central Statistical Office; the number of outpatient,
CT and MRI contacts are taken from the Statistical Yearbook by the Hungarian
National Health Insurance Fund.
Dentists' consultations
The number of ambulatory visits/consultations with a dentist divided by the population.
Sources and Methods
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Yearbook Of Health Statistics. www.ksh.hu.
Acute care beddays
A bedday is a day during
which a person is confined to a bed and in which the patient stays overnight in
a hospital. Day cases (patients admitted for a medical procedure or surgery in
the morning and released before the evening) should be excluded.
Acute care
= curative care (as per the OECD Manual "A System of Health
Accounts"): setting where the principal clinical intent
is to do one or more of the following: manage labour (obstetric), cure illness
or provide definitive treatment of injury, perform surgery, relieve symptoms of
illness or injury (excluding palliative care), reduce severity of illness or
injury, protect against exacerbation and/or complication of an illness and/or
injury which could threaten life or normal functions, perform diagnostic or
therapeutic procedures.
Sources and Methods
GYÓGYINFOK (
Acute care occupancy rate
Number of acute care beds effectively occupied (beddays) in in-patient
institutions divided by the number of available acute care beds and multiplied
by 100.
Sources and Methods
GYÓGYINFOK (
Acute care turnover rate
Number of acute admissions (or discharges) divided by the number of
available acute care beds.
Sources and Methods
GYÓGYINFOK (
Average length of stay by in-patient and acute care
Average length of stay is computed by dividing the number of days stayed
(from the date of admission in an in-patient institution) by the number of
discharges (including deaths) during the year.
For definitions of acute care, please refer to the chapter on acute care beds.
Note: Some countries may include deaths and discharges (separations) as
well as same day separations and that caution should be exercised when making
international comparisons due to the possibility that countries may provide
data for different types of institutions.
Sources and Methods
GYÓGYINFOK (
* Data is missing in 1993, as this was a transitional year, with only the joint
average nursing time for acute and chronic care being published by the Central
Statistical Office (KSH). From 1994 onwards, data for inpatient care is
provided by GYÓGYINFOK.
Average length of stay by diagnostic categories
Average length of stay (ALOS)
is calculated by dividing the number of days stayed (from the date of admission
in an in-patient institution) by the number of discharges (including deaths).
Diagnostic chapters (using principal diagnosis) have been defined according to
the International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision and 10th revision.
The list of variables included in the chapter on Average length of stay by Diagnostic categories
has been extended, following the discussion and endorsement of a new extended
shortlist of diagnostic groups at the Meeting of OECD Health Data National
Correspondents in September 2005. This new shortlist of hospital diagnostic
groups, named the International
Shortlist for Hospital Morbidity Tabulation (ISHMT),
has already been adopted by Eurostat, NOMESCO and WHO-Europe (for reporting
purposes at least, and is now being adopted by the OECD with a view to
harmonise data collection at the international level.
CLICK HERE TO SEE THE
COMPLETE SHORTLIST WITH ICD-10 AND ICD-9 CODES.
Note that some countries may include deaths and discharges as well as same day
separations. Also, note that breaks in the series might be due to countries
converting from ICD-9 to ICD-10.
Sources and Methods
Hungary
GYÓGYINFOK (Health Care Information Center of Ministry of Health,
Social and Family Affairs). www.gyogyinfok.hu.
* From 1994 onwards, data for inpatient care is provided by
GYÓGYINFOK.
National Institute for Strategic Health Research (ESKI). www.eski.hu.
* From 2004 onwards ESKI processes the data in the
itemised inpatient financing report and calculates the average nursing time by
diagnosis groups, thus there is a break in the time series data from 2004.
Discharge rates by diagnostic categories
Discharge is
the formal release of an in-patient from an acute care institution after a
period of "hospitalization". It includes deaths in hospitals, but
excludes same-day separations and transfers to other care units within the same
institution. However, the following countries include at least some same-day
separations:
The discharge rates are expressed by the number per 100 000 population. These
rates are calculated by the OECD Secretariat. Diagnostic chapters (using
principal diagnosis) have been defined according to the International
Classification of Diseases, Tenth revision (ICD-10).
The list of diagnostic categories
has been extended in 2006, following the adoption of a new shortlist of
diagnostic groups named the International
Shortlist for Hospital Morbidity Tabulation (ISHMT).
This shortlist has also been adopted by Eurostat, NOMESCO and WHO-Europe (for
data reporting purposes at least).
CLICK HERE TO SEE THE
COMPLETE SHORTLIST WITH ICD-10 AND ICD-9 CODES.
Sources and Methods
GYÓGYINFOK (
www.gyogyinfok.hu.
* From
1999 to 2003, includes same day discharges.
* There is a break in some series between 2001 and
National Institute for Strategic Health Research (ESKI). www.eski.hu.
* 2004
onwards ESKI processes the data in the itemised inpatient financing report and
calculates the discharge rates by diagnosis groups, thus there is a break in
the time series data from
*In
*From 2004
onwards ESKI processes the data in the itemised inpatient financing report and
calculates the discharge rates by diagnosis groups, thus there is a break in
the time series data from 2004. We provide case number for hospital
discharge, not case number for department. If the hospital case involved care
in several departments, then the hospital case is assigned the primary
diagnosis of the department case whose DRG classification had the highest
weight number.
*Due to
temporary national codes used in
Total surgical in-patients
Patients who are given invasive surgical treatment, whether on an emergency
or elective basis, and who stay over at least one night in an in-patient
institution.
Sources and Methods
Hungary
GYÓGYINFOK (Health Care Information Center of Ministry
of Health, Social and Family Affairs). www.gyogyinfok.hu.
National Institute for Strategic
Health Research (ESKI). www.eski.hu.
*From 2004 onwards ESKI
processes the data in the itemised inpatient financing report and calculates
from this the case number of
“Total surgical in-patients” and “Total surgical day
cases”. Please remove former GYÓGYINFOK data.
Total surgical day cases
Patients who are given invasive surgical treatment (elective surgeries only)
which are carried out in a dedicated surgical unit or part of a hospital and
which lead to discharge on the day of the operation.
Sources and Methods
Hungary
GYÓGYINFOK (Health Care Information Center of Ministry
of Health, Social and Family Affairs). www.gyogyinfok.hu.
National Institute for Strategic
Health Research (ESKI). www.eski.hu.
*From 2004 onwards ESKI
processes the data in the itemised inpatient financing report and calculates
from this the case number of
“Total surgical in-patients” and “Total surgical day
cases”. Please remove former GYÓGYINFOK data.
Surgical procedures by ICD-9-CM
Cataract surgery (13.1-13.7)
Tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy (28.2-28.3)
Percutaneous coronary interventions (PTCA and stenting) (36.0)
Coronary stenting (36.06)
Coronary bypass (36.1)
Cardiac catheterisation (37.21-37.23)
Pacemakers (37.8)
Ligation/stripping of varicose veins (38.5)
Appendectomy (47.0)
Cholecystectomy (51.2)
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (51.23)
Inguinal and femoral hernia (53.0-53.3)
Prostatectomy (transurethral) (60.2)
Prostatectomy (excluding transurethral) (60.3-60.6)
Hysterectomy (vaginal only) (68.5)
Caesarean section (74.0-74.2, 74.4, 74.99)
Hip replacement (81.51-81.53)
Knee replacement (81.54-81.55)
Breast conserving surgery (85.2)
Mastectomy (85.4)
Surgical procedures (ICD-9-CM) - Definition
All invasive therapies performed as day cases (where applicable) and
in-patient surgery, where in-patient surgery is defined as a surgical procedure
which is performed with an overnight stay in an in-patient institution.
Selected surgical procedures are listed according to the classification
ICD-9-CM. Data collected is the number of day cases (where applicable) and
in-patient procedures. The rates per 100,000 population are calculated by the
OECD Secretariat.
Please note that there may be different classifications used by countries.
Consequently there may be comparability issues associated with mapping the
country coding system across countries to the codes proposed in OECD Health
Data 2007. Please also note that some countries report all procedures (as
requested under this definition) while others report only the main procedure
during a hospital stay. This also limits data comparability. Please refer to
the country notes below.
Sources and Methods
Note
that data for Caesarean sections per 1000 live births have
been extracted from the WHO (Europe) 'Health For All' database, for the
following countries: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany (except 2003),
Iceland, Ireland, Netherlands (except 2003), Norway, Poland, Spain,
Sweden, and Turkey.
GYÓGYINFOK (
* From 1999 to 2003
National Institute for Strategic Health Research (ESKI). www.eski.hu.
* From 2004 onwards ESKI processes the data in the
itemised inpatient financing report and calculates the average nursing time by
diagnosis groups, thus there is a break in the time series data from
*From 2004
instead of summing up the number of surgeries, we record the incidence of
surgery codes, that is, we count the same surgery code occurring several times
on the same day as one incidence. This method results in larger break in the
time series data for surgeries where for example cataract surgery is performed
same day on two eyes, or coronary bypass surgery is performed on several
branches.
Transplants and dialyses
The number of transplants conducted according to national and local
registries. Transplants are collected for:
- Bone marrow
- Heart
- Liver
- Lung
- Kidney
The rates per 100,000 population are calculated by the OECD Secretariat.
Functioning kidney transplants
End-stage renal failure patients
Patients undergoing dialysis
Sources and Methods
Hungary
European Transplant Coordinator Organization.
* Heart/Heart-Lung; Liver: 1995.
* From 1999, the source is GYÓGYINFOK (Health Care
Information Center of Ministry of Health, Social and Family Affairs). www.gyogyinfok.hu.
National Institute for Strategic Health Research (ESKI). www.eski.hu.
* From
2004 onwards ESKI processes the data in the itemised inpatient financing report
and calculates the average nursing time by diagnosis groups, thus there is a
break in the time series data from 2004.
Patients undergoing dialysis
The number of patients with dialysis treatments includes Hospital/Centre and
Home Haemodialysis/Haemofiltration, Intermittent Peritoneal Dialysis,
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD), and Continuous Cyclical
Peritoneal Dialysis (CCPD) on December 31st of each year.
Sources & Methods
Hungarian National Health Insurance Fund (OEP), Statistical Yearbook.
* Average number of patients per month. www.oep.hu.
Long-term care beds in nursing homes
Beds in nursing and residential care facilities (HP.2) are available beds for people requiring
ongoing health and nursing care due to chronic impairments and a reduced degree
of independence in activities of daily living (ADL) in establishments primarily
engaged in providing residential care combined with either nursing, supervision
or other types of care as required by the residents. The care provided can be a
mix of health and social services.
Inclusion:
- Beds in all types of nursing and residential care facilities (HP.2) dedicated to long-term nursing care (HC.3)
- Beds used for palliative care
Exclusion:
- Beds in nursing and residential care facilities which do not provide ongoing
health and nursing care (including ADL) together with accommodation
- Beds available in hospitals (even those beds dedicated to long-term nursing
care – HC.3).
Sources and Methods
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Yearbook Of Welfare Statistics. www.ksh.hu.
* Long-term care beds in nursing homes: Active beds in social institutes
providing transitional residence and long-term accommodation.
Long-term care recipients in institutions
People receiving formal (paid) long-term care in
institutions, including both publicly and privately financed care.
Note: The services received by long-term care recipients can be publicly
or privately financed. They are considered “public” if they are
funded at least partly by public sources.
Long-term care
is defined as a range of services required by persons with a reduced degree of
functional capacity, physical or cognitive, and who are consequently dependent
for an extended period of time on help with basic activities of daily living
(ADL), such as bathing, dressing, eating, getting in and out of bed or chair,
moving around and using the bathroom. This personal care component is
frequently provided in combination with help with basic medical services such
as help with wound dressing, pain management, medication, health monitoring,
prevention, rehabilitation or services of palliative care. Long-term care
services can also be combined with lower-level care related to help with
instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), such as help with housework,
meals, shopping and transportation.
[Note: This definition is consistent with the definition of long-term health
care under the Health Accounts questionnaire (HC.3-type
services)].
Long-term care institution
is a place of collective living where care and accommodation is provided as a
package. It refers to a specially designed institution or a hospital-like
setting where the predominant service component is long-term care and the
services are provided for people with moderate to severe functional
restrictions.
Inclusion:
- Persons who receive long-term care by paid long-term care providers,
including non-professionals receiving cash payments under a social programme
- Recipients of cash benefits such as consumer-choice programmes, care
allowances or other social benefits which are granted with the primary goal of
supporting individuals with long-term care needs based on an assessment of
needs.
Exclusion:
- Disabled persons of working age who receive income benefits or benefits for
labour market integration without long-term care services
- Persons who need help only with instrumental activities of daily living
(IADL), that is, receiving only long-term social care as defined under the
Health Accounts questionnaire (HC.R.6-type
services).
Sources and Methods
* Data for
.
* Long-term care in
* The Central Statistics Office (KSH) collects annual aggregate data on
assistance provided within the framework of social service. The data
collections contain data following different breakdowns for the particular
types of service. There are collections that contain data broken down by gender
and different age groups, while other collections contain no breakdown at all.
* Itemized data on nursing care performed within the framework of health
services is collected monthly by the Department of Financing Informatics of the
Health Insurance Fund (FIFO).
* Types of social services and breakdown available:
|
Services in institutions |
Gender |
Age |
|
Home for the aged
|
no from 1993 to 2003 no from 1993 to 2003 no from 1993 to 2003 no from 1993 to 2003 no from 1993 to 2003 no |
no from 1993 to 2003 no from 1993 to 2003 no from 1993 to 2003 no from 1993 to 2003 no from 1993 to 2003 no |
|
Other types of health
services:
|
yes |
|
Long-term care recipients at home
People receiving formal (paid) long-term care at home,
including both publicly and privately financed care.
Note: The services received by long-term care recipients can be publicly
or privately financed. They are considered “public” if they are
funded at least partly by public sources.
Long-term care
is defined as a range of services required by persons with a reduced degree of
functional capacity, physical or cognitive, and who are consequently dependent
for an extended period of time on help with basic activities of daily living
(ADL), such as bathing, dressing, eating, getting in and out of bed or chair,
moving around and using the bathroom. This personal care component is
frequently provided in combination with help with basic medical services such
as help with wound dressing, pain management, medication, health monitoring,
prevention, rehabilitation or services of palliative care. Long-term care
services can also be combined with lower-level care related to help with
instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), such as help with housework,
meals, shopping and transportation.
[Note: This definition is consistent with the definition of long-term health
care under the Health Accounts questionnaire (HC.3-type
services)].
Long-term care at home
is provided to people with functional restictions who mainly reside at their
own home. It also applies to the use of institutions on a temporary basis to
support continued living at home -- such as in the case of community care and
day care centres and in the case of respite care. Home care also includes
specially designed or adapted living arrangements for persons who require help
on a regular basis while guaranteeing a high degree of autonomy and
self-control.
Inclusion:
- Persons who receive long-term care by paid long-term care providers,
including non-professionals receiving cash payments under a social programme
- Recipients of cash benefits such as consumer-choice programmes, care
allowances or other social benefits which are granted with the primary goal of
supporting individuals with long-term care needs based on an assessment of
needs.
Exclusion:
- Disabled persons of working age who receive income benefits or benefits for
labour market integration without long-term care services
- Persons who need help only with instrumental activities of daily living
(IADL), that is, receiving only long-term social care as defined under the
Health Accounts questionnaire (HC.R.6-type
services).
Sources and Methods
* Data for
* Long-term care in
* The Central Statistics Office (KSH) collects annual aggregate data on
assistance provided within the framework of social service. The data
collections contain data following different breakdowns for the particular
types of service. There are collections that contain data broken down by gender
and different age groups, while other collections contain no breakdown at all.
* Itemized data on nursing care performed within the framework of health
services is collected monthly by the Department of Financing Informatics of the
Health Insurance Fund (FIFO).
* Types of social services and breakdown available:
|
Services at home |
Gender |
Age |
|
|
no no from 1993 to 2003 no from 1993 to 2003 no from 1993 to 2003 no from 1993 to 2003 |
no no from 1993 to 2003 no from 1993 to 2003 no from 1993 to 2003 no from 1993 to 2003 |
|
Other types of health
services: |
|
|
Government/social health insurance
Total
health care
In-patient and acute care
Out-patient medical care
Pharmaceutical goods
Share of population eligible for a defined set of
health care goods and services under public programmes.
This series refers to the share of the population eligible to health care
goods and services that are included in total public health expenditure. Coverage
in this sense is independent of the scope of cost-sharing.
Note: The OECD
publication "Towards High-Performing Health Systems" (OECD, 2004)
provides a summary on cost-sharing policies in public schemes for basic health
coverage across OECD countries (Table 1.3, p.28).
Most social security arrangements link entitlement to labour force
participation and therefore, employment surveys are an important source of
data. In these cases, the construction of a coverage index requires a
calculation of each group of the labour force (private sector blue and white
collars, public sector employees, the self-employed, farmhands, farmers,
clergymen), plus the non-active population entitled to medical benefits.
Sources and Methods
Hungary
Ministry of Welfare (EüM). www.eum.hu.
* From 1990, the total mid-year population is provided. Since 1990, the funding
system in
Private health insurance
Private health insurance
comprises insurance schemes financed through private health premiums, i.e.,
payments that a policyholder agrees to make for coverage under a given
insurance policy, where an insurance policy generally consists of a contract
that is issued by an insurer to a covered person. Take up of private health
insurance is often, but not always, voluntary (it may also be compulsory for
employees as part of their working conditions). Premiums are
non-income-related, although the purchase of PHI by a specific population group
or by the population at large can be subsidised by the government. The pool of
financing is not channelled nor administered through the government, even when
the insurer is government-owned.
Private
health insurance includes:
- Employer self-insured health benefits, whereby an employer self-insures
health coverage instead of purchasing cover from an insurance company. The
employer acts as an insurer in that it assumes insurance risk and is thereby
often subject to the same regulatory requirements as other health insurers.
- Special schemes for government employees, where the government, in its role
as employers, pays part or the whole premiums of private health insurance cover
subscribed for its employees.
For the purpose of this data collection, private health insurance excludes
the following schemes:
- Travel insurance covering the risk of illness or accidents incurred abroad;
- Employers or corporation health programmes for their employees that do not imply
insurance (for example, direct supply of health services or reimbursement of
certain health-related costs);
- Medical savings accounts, health savings accounts or similar schemes which
offer pre-payment but do not imply risk sharing or pooling across individuals;
- Life and long-term care insurance schemes which include a health element,
such as disease specific, lump sum, critical illness, income replacement, cash
products, temporary or permanent disability, and long-term care insurance.
Data reporting:
Total PHI coverage:
Total PHI coverage is a head count of all individuals covered by at least one
PHI policy (including both individuals covered in their own name and
dependents). To avoid duplications, it should not refer to the number of PHI policies
sold in the country, as individuals may be covered by more than one PHI
product. Similarly, total population coverage is not necessarily the sum of PHI
coverage by different types, as an individual may hold more than one PHI
policy.
Breakdown by type of PHI: Where possible, data has been broken down by
private health insurance type. Where data could not be broken down by type or
main role, they were reported only in the category “total”, or
under the category that best represents the characteristics of PHI coverage in
the country.
Primary PHI:
private health insurance that represents the only available access to health
coverage because i) there is no government/social coverage or individuals are
not eligible to coverage under government/social programmes (principal); ii)
individuals are entitled to government/social coverage but have chosen to opt
out of such coverage (substitute).
Duplicate PHI:
private health insurance that offers coverage for health services already
included under government health insurance, while also offering access to
different providers (e.g., private hospitals) or levels of service (e.g.,
faster access to care). It does not exempt individuals from contributing to
government health coverage programmes.
Complementary PHI:
private health insurance that complements coverage of government/social insured
services by covering all or part of the residual costs not otherwise reimbursed
(e.g., cost-sharing, co-payments).
Supplementary PHI:
private health insurance that provides coverage for additional health services
not at all covered by the government/social scheme.
The table below indicates what coverage
categories or types exist in countries, and data refer to.
|
Country |
Type of coverage available - Indicate available coverage categories in your country, even if data on covered persons are not available for specific coverage types |
Number of covered lives or number of policyholders - Indicate if the number reported in the database refer to covered lives or to the number of policyholders |
Voluntary or mandatory insurance - Indicate if PHI coverage is voluntary or mandated by low |
Individual or group policies (% of market if both policy types exist) - Indicate if PHI includes individual, or group policies, or both |
Life insurance products including health elements - Indicate if life insurance products sold in the country include a health element |
Long-term care |
|
Australia |
Duplicate and supplementary |
Covered lives |
Voluntary |
Individual |
Yes. Lump sums for medical conditions, serious illness, injury or permanent disability. Monthly benefits if unable to work due to illness or injury. |
No |
|
Belgium |
Complementary (primary small-risks coverage for self-employed). |
Covered lives |
- Voluntary (private
companies and mutuelles) |
- 100% individual
(mutuelles) |
N.a. (private companies) |
Yes (for Zorgverzekering |
|
Private insurers (11/2006) |
|
|
Voluntary |
|
N.a. |
N.a. |
|
- income guarantee |
|
470,000 |
|
Ind. 143,000 Group 327,000 |
|
|
|
- health care |
|
4,877,000 |
|
Ind. 1,200,000 Group 3,677,000 |
|
|
|
Mutuelles (12/2004) |
|
|
Voluntary |
Individual |
No |
|
|
- small risks for independent workers |
|
718,478 |
|
|
|
- No |
|
- daily allowances |
|
18,214 |
|
|
|
- Income support |
|
- hospitalisation |
|
|
|
|
|
- Only for LTC treatment |
|
Zorgverzekering (Flanders only) |
|
All population in Flanders (6,016,024) |
Mandatory |
Individual |
No |
LTC only |
|
Canada |
Supplementary |
Covered lives |
Voluntary |
10% individual and 90% group |
Yes (e.g, critical illness insurance, disability insurance) |
Yes |
|
Czech Republic |
Supplementary (primary cover for foreigners uneligible to public coverage) |
N.a. |
Voluntary |
Individual |
- Disease specific and critical illness products, - Income replacement and cash products, - Temporary or permanent disability |
No |
|
Denmark |
Complementary, supplementary |
Policyholders (number of policies taken out. Information on covered lives is n.a.). |
Voluntary |
Group and individual (% in n.a.) |
No. Life insurance products generally do not include health elements. |
No |
|
Finland |
N.a |
N.a. |
Voluntary |
N.a. |
N.a. |
N.a. |
|
France |
Complementary |
Covered lives |
Voluntary |
Individual and group |
N.a. |
N.a. |
|
Germany |
Primary and supplementary |
Covered lives |
Voluntary and mandatory |
Individual and group (% of n.a) |
Yes (e.g. permanent disability insurance) |
Yes |
|
Greece |
Duplicate |
|
Voluntary |
|
Yes |
|
|
Hungary |
Supplementary |
N.a. |
Voluntary |
N.a. |
Yes |
No |
|
Iceland |
Supplementary |
Covered lives |
Voluntary |
Group policies are negligible |
Yes, mostly disease specific |
Yes, but just recently |
|
Ireland |
Duplicate |
Covered lives (it includes children) |
Voluntary |
Individual and group policies combined |
Yes. Life companies offer products ( - critical illness, hospital cash, income replacement etc). |
Yes. Life companies may
offer |
|
Japan |
N.a. |
N.a. |
Voluntary (exept the compulsory automobile liability insurance) |
Individual and group |
Yes (e.g. cancer insurance, specified disease insurance, etc.) |
Yes |
|
Netherlands |
Primary and supplementary |
Covered lives |
Voluntary |
Individual and group |
No |
No |
|
|
Primary and supplementary |
5.762 million |
Voluntary |
46% individual 54% group |
No |
No |
|
|
Primary and supplementary |
5.834 million, of which: |
Voluntary |
48% individual 52% group |
No |
No |
|
New Zealand |
Duplicate |
Covered lives |
Voluntary |
Individual and group |
N.a. |
No |
|
Spain |
Primary, duplicate (++) |
Covered lives |
Voluntary |
Individual |
N.a. |
Yes |
|
Switzerland |
Suplementary |
Covered lives |
Voluntary |
N.a. |
N.a. |
N.a. |
|
Turkey |
Complementary and supplementary |
Policy holders |
Voluntary |
N.a. |
Critical illness |
N.a. |
|
United Kingdom |
Duplicate |
Covered lives |
Voluntary |
Individual and group (% is n.a) |
Critical illness |
N.a |
|
United States |
Primary, complementary and supplementary |
Covered lives |
Voluntary |
N.a |
No |
Yes |
Notes: If two different types of coverage exist, please indicate so (e.g.,
mandatory and voluntary coverage). If information is not available, please
indicate NA.
Number of covered lives or number of policyholders. Please
indicate whether data supplied refer to covered lives or number of
policyholders. Data should, where possible, indicate the number of individuals
covered by a private health insurance policy. This includes both individuals
covered in their own name, and dependents of the policyholder (or other
persons) covered via the policyholder insurance. The number of policyholders
refers, conversely, to the number of individuals having purchased (or obtained,
for example through an employer) a PHI policy.
Voluntary
or mandatory insurance. Please indicate if in your country PHI is mandatory
or voluntary. Often, take up of insurance is voluntary, even though
participation can be encouraged, for example through tax breaks or other fiscal
advantages, or when it is taken up by employees as a condition of employment.
Take-up of private health insurance can also be mandated by law or act.
Employer sponsored insurance taken by employers for their employees is voluntary
even if individual employees are covered as a condition of their contract.
Individual policies or group policies. Please indicate if in your country
PHI is offered as individual or group policies (or both). Insurance
policies can be purchased by individuals or by employers on behalf of their
employees. Group policies can be paid by the employer, deducted from wages, or
a combination. If data are available, please indicate the % of the market of
both policy types.
Life insurance products including health elements. Please tick
the box here if insurance companies offer life products which include a health
element. If information is available, please specify what products exist (e.g.,
disease specific, lump sum, critical illness, income replacement, cash products,
temporary or permanent disability insurance).
Long-term
care insurance. Please tick the box here if insurance companies
offer private long-term care insurance.
Sources and Methods
Hungary
* Private health insurances in
Pharmaceutical consumption by DDDs
Pharmaceutical consumption according to the Anatomic
Therapeutic Chemical Classification (ATC)/Defined Daily Dose (DDD) system,
created by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology.
The Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical Classification system divides drugs into
different groups according to the organ system on which they act and/or
therapeutical, pharmacological and chemical characteristics. The main principles
for the classification of medicinal substances according to the ATC is
presented in the publication “Guidelines for ATC classification and DDD
assignment”, WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology,
The unit of measurement is Defined Daily Dose (DDD), defined as the
assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used on its main indication
in adults.
|
Main groups / groups based on three levels |
Codes (2007 Index) |
|
A-Alimentary
tract and metabolism |
A |
Note: Data
on Antibacterials for systemic use (J01) for the period 1997-2005 for
all countries except
See
the summary table
with information on drugs dispensed in hospitals and non-reimbursed drugs, by
countries.
Sources and Methods
PharmMIS Index review of the Hungarian pharmaceutical market Yearbook.
* The ATC publication of the given year is used for the data (i.e. ATC 2004 for
2004 data , ATC 2005 for 2005 data, etc).
* Data expressed in DDD/1000 inhabitants/day.
Pharmaceutical sales
Sales of pharmaceutical products on the domestic market, in total and by
selected Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC)
groups, based on retail prices (which means the final price paid by the
customer).
The ATC codes are based on the 2007 version of the
ATC Index.
Note: There are at least three possible sources of under-reporting of drug
sales in different countries: 1) sales data may only cover those drugs that are
reimbursed by public insurance schemes; 2) they may be based on ex-factory or
wholesale prices rather than retail prices; and 3) sales data may exclude drug
consumption in hospitals.
Data for the following countries under-estimate
pharmaceutical sales reported in this section because of one of these
limitations:
Please also note that depending on the allocation of
pharmaceutical products with more than one use, differences in reporting of
specific drugs may occur across countries, thereby affecting the relative size
of specific ATC groups.
|
Main groups / groups based on three levels |
Codes (2007 Index) |
|
Total
pharmaceutical sales |
- |
See the summary table with
information on drugs dispensed in hospitals and non-reimbursed drugs, by
countries.
Sources and Methods
PharmMIS Index review of the Hungarian pharmaceutical market Yearbook.
* Pharmaceutical sales data are based on ex-factory price and include drug
consumption in hospitals and in pharmacies.
* Data expressed in DDD/1000 inhabitants/day.
Alcohol consumption in liters per capita (age 15+)
Annual consumption of pure alcohol in liters, per person, aged 15 years and
over.
Note: Methodology to convert alcoholic drinks to pure alcohol may differ across
countries. Typically beer is weighted as 4-5%, wine as 11-16% and spirits as
40% of pure alcohol equivalent.
Sources and Methods
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Statistical Yearbook Of
* From 1990: annual consumption of pure alcohol in liters, per person, aged 15
years and over.
Tobacco consumption in grams per capita (15+)
Annual consumption of tobacco items (e.g. cigarettes, cigars) in grams per
person aged 15 years or more.
Note: The methodology to convert tobacco items into grams may differ across
countries. Typically a cigarette weighs approximately
Sources and Methods
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Statistical Yearbook of
* From 1990, the annual consumption of pure tobacco in grams, per person, aged
15 years and over.
Average number of cigarettes per smoker per day (age 15+)
The average number of cigarettes per smoker per day.
Sources and Methods
Central Statistical Office (KSH), Statistical Yearbook of
* From 1990, the annual consumption of pure tobacco in grams, per person, aged
15 years and over.
Daily smokers
Daily smokers is defined as the percentage of the
population aged 15 or more who report that they are daily smokers.
Note: International comparability is limited due to the lack of
standardization in the measurement of smoking habits in health interview surveys
across OECD countries. There is variation in the wording of the question, the
response categories and the related administrative methods.
A standard health interview survey instrument to
measure smoking habits in a population has been recommended by the World Health Organization Regional Office for
The instrument comprises the following questions:
1. Do you smoke?
-Yes, daily
-Yes, occasionally (go to question 3)
-No (go to question 4)
2. How many cigarettes do you usually smoke on average each day?
- Does not smoke cigarettes
- Fewer than 20
- 20 or more (heavy smokers)
Sources and
* Data for 2003 is percentage of tobacco users (regular and daily smokers) 18
years old and over, National Health Interview Survey 2003.
* Data for 2000 is percentage of tobacco users (regular and daily smokers) 18
years old and over, National Health Interview Survey 2000.
* Data for 1994 comes from Health Behaviour Survey 1994.
Overweight or obese population
The Body Mass Index (BMI)
is a single number that evaluates an individual's weight status in relation to
height (weight/height2) with weight in kilograms and height in
meters.
Estimates relate to the adult population (normally the population aged 15+
unless otherwise stated) and are based on national health interview surveys for
most countries (self-reported data), except for Australia, the Czech
Republic (since 2005), Luxembourg, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the
United States where estimates are based on the actual measurement of weight and
height. This difference in survey methodologies limits data comparability,
as estimates arising from the actual measurement of weight and height are
significantly higher than those based on self-report.
Overweight is
defined as a BMI between 25 and 30 kg/m2.
Obesity is
defined as a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or more.
Overweight or obese population
is the sum of the population with a BMI over 25 kg/m2.
Sources and
* Questionnaire survey based on representative samples, started in 2000,
repeated in about every 3 years. The survey is conducted for the population
aged 18 years old and over (instead of 15 years old and over).